[
  {
    "id": "R-0099",
    "title": "RisCanvi risk-assessment algorithm, Catalonia prison system, Spain, 2010–present",
    "short_title": "RisCanvi risk scores shape prisoners' access to leave and parole",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "Spain",
      "region": "Catalonia",
      "level": "regional"
    },
    "domain": "criminal_justice",
    "system_type": "rule_based_risk_scoring",
    "system_name": "RisCanvi",
    "deployed_by": "Catalonia prison system (judicial actors)",
    "year_start": 2010,
    "year_end": null,
    "harm_type": "collective",
    "subject_count_estimate": null,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "journalism",
    "oversight_date": "2026",
    "remedy_status": "none",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "Since 2010 Catalonia's prison system has used RisCanvi, a risk-assessment algorithm, to score inmates' risk; the scores inform decisions on leave, parole and prison benefits. A joint investigation by journalist Pablo Jiménez Arandia, Algorights and Público reported that the tool restricts vulnerable inmates' access to these benefits and lacks transparency and accountability.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "A practical guide to joint investigations: lessons learned from one year of the Civic Journalism Coalition",
        "url": "https://edri.org/our-work/a-practical-guide-to-joint-investigations-lessons-learned-from-one-year-of-the-civic-journalism-coalition/",
        "publisher": "EDRi",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-14",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Público — RisCanvi investigation",
        "url": "https://www.publico.es/editorial/riscanvi",
        "publisher": "Público",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Journalismfund Europe — Europe's decision machines",
        "url": "https://www.journalismfund.eu/europes-decision-machines",
        "publisher": "Journalismfund Europe",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Estudios Penales y Criminológicos (USC) — article on RisCanvi",
        "url": "https://revistas.usc.gal/index.php/epc/article/view/8884/13243",
        "publisher": "Universidade de Santiago de Compostela",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Ara — study on risk assessment and violent incidents in prisons",
        "url": "https://es.ara.cat/sociedad/justicia/estudio-alerta-80-presos-implicados-incidentes-violentos-no-tenian-valoracion-riesgo_1_5293742.html",
        "publisher": "Ara",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "algorithmic_risk_scoring",
      "criminal_justice",
      "prison_system",
      "parole_denial",
      "vulnerable_populations",
      "catalonia",
      "spain",
      "civil_society_investigation",
      "algorithmic_accountability"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-14T19:28:02.099695+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T15:46:29.971673+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-0132",
    "title": "Live facial recognition deployment by Essex Police, England, paused 2026 after accuracy and bias concerns affecting 2.5 million people",
    "short_title": "Essex Police pauses live facial recognition over bias",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "region": "Essex, England",
      "level": "regional"
    },
    "domain": "policing",
    "system_type": "face_recognition",
    "system_name": "Live facial recognition (Essex Police)",
    "deployed_by": "Essex Police",
    "year_start": null,
    "year_end": 2026,
    "harm_type": "collective",
    "subject_count_estimate": 2500000,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "ngo_report",
    "oversight_date": "2026-03-19",
    "remedy_status": "partial",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "Essex Police deployed live facial recognition technology, scanning the faces of approximately 2.5 million people without adequately testing the system for accuracy or racial bias. Big Brother Watch and a Cambridge study raised concerns about ineffectiveness and discrimination. Essex Police paused the deployment in March 2026 following scrutiny of the system's bias and accuracy risks.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Big Brother Watch comments on Essex Police pausing live facial recognition",
        "url": "https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/press-releases/big-brother-watch-comments-on-essex-police-pausing-live-facial-recognition/",
        "publisher": "Big Brother Watch",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-14",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Essex police pauses facial recognition camera use after study finds racial bias",
        "url": "https://libertyinvestigates.org.uk/articles/essex-police-live-facial-recognition-racial-bias-black-people/",
        "publisher": "Liberty Investigates",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "OECD AI Incidents Monitor — Essex Police suspends live facial recognition over racial bias",
        "url": "https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-03-18-4acf",
        "publisher": "OECD AI Incidents Monitor",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "facial_recognition_misid",
      "racial_bias",
      "mass_surveillance",
      "untested_system",
      "live_facial_recognition",
      "civil_liberties",
      "uk_policing"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-14T19:28:33.082527+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T15:46:29.971673+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-0138",
    "title": "Facial recognition misidentification of ex-police officer as shoplifter, Facewatch system, Budgens, United Kingdom, 2026",
    "short_title": "Facewatch flags a shopper as a shoplifter in error",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "region": null,
      "level": "national"
    },
    "domain": "other",
    "system_type": "face_recognition",
    "system_name": "Facewatch",
    "deployed_by": "Budgens",
    "year_start": null,
    "year_end": 2026,
    "harm_type": "individual",
    "subject_count_estimate": 1,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "journalism",
    "oversight_date": "2026-03-05",
    "remedy_status": "unknown",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "A former police officer was wrongly identified as a shoplifter by facial recognition technology provided by Facewatch and deployed by Budgens in the United Kingdom. She was asked to leave the store. Big Brother Watch criticised the lack of any appeals process and the opacity of the algorithmic flagging. The case was reported by the Financial Times in March 2026.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Financial Times – Ex-police officer wrongly flagged as a shoplifter in shop using facial recognition",
        "url": "https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/press-coverage/financial-times-ex-police-officer-wrongly-flagged-as-a-shoplifter-in-shop-using-facial-recognition/",
        "publisher": "Big Brother Watch",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-14",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Financial Times — Ex-police officer wrongly flagged as a shoplifter in shop using facial recognition (2026)",
        "url": "https://www.ft.com/content/adb38971-d54a-496c-a51a-47a870bb0fc6",
        "publisher": "Financial Times",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-14",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "AI Incident Database — report 3886",
        "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/reports/3886",
        "publisher": "AI Incident Database",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "facial_recognition_misid",
      "retail_surveillance",
      "no_appeals_process",
      "opaque_algorithm",
      "uk",
      "civil_liberties",
      "wrongful_accusation"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-14T19:28:33.082618+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T15:46:29.971673+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-0149",
    "title": "Metropolitan Police live facial recognition: mass scanning and misidentification, London, 2016–2026",
    "short_title": "Met Police live facial recognition: mass scanning and misidentification",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "region": "London",
      "level": "municipal"
    },
    "domain": "policing",
    "system_type": "face_recognition",
    "system_name": "Metropolitan Police Live Facial Recognition",
    "deployed_by": "Metropolitan Police",
    "year_start": 2016,
    "year_end": null,
    "harm_type": "mixed",
    "subject_count_estimate": 4200000,
    "subject_identification": "named_public_advocate",
    "oversight_trigger": "litigation",
    "oversight_date": "2026-01",
    "remedy_status": "ongoing",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "The Metropolitan Police has deployed live facial recognition across London since 2016, scanning millions of faces a year. The force's own 2025 report found that 80% of people wrongly flagged were Black. After the system misidentified anti-knife-crime campaigner Shaun Thompson, he and Big Brother Watch brought a High Court challenge in January 2026, arguing the deployment lacks a legal basis and breaches privacy, expression and assembly rights.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "High Court to Hear Landmark Legal Challenge Against Police Live Facial Recognition",
        "url": "https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/press-releases/high-court-to-hear-landmark-legal-challenge-against-police-live-facial-recognition/",
        "publisher": "Big Brother Watch",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-14",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The Telegraph – High Court hears the challenge to police use of live facial recognition",
        "url": "https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/facialrec/the-telegraph-high-court-hears-the-challenge-to-police-use-of-live-facial-recognition/",
        "publisher": "Big Brother Watch",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "High Court told police live facial recognition needs limits - BBC News",
        "url": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c07x21jlnndo",
        "publisher": "BBC News",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "GB News – Live facial recognition plans could turn London into “open prison”",
        "url": "https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/press-coverage/gb-news-live-facial-recognition-plans-could-turn-london-into-open-prison/",
        "publisher": "Big Brother Watch",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "BBC – The Met Police’s use of live facial recognition branded “chilling” by campaigners",
        "url": "https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/press-coverage/bbc-the-met-polices-use-of-live-facial-recognition-branded-chilling-by-campaigners/",
        "publisher": "Big Brother Watch",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "No arrests from false facial recognition alerts, Met Police says - BBC News",
        "url": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4gp7j55zxvo",
        "publisher": "BBC News",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Big Brother Watch responds to the Metropolitan Police’s 2025 live facial recognition report",
        "url": "https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/press-coverage/big-brother-watch-responds-to-the-metropolitan-polices-2025-live-facial-recognition-report/",
        "publisher": "Big Brother Watch",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "facial_recognition_misid",
      "mass_surveillance",
      "ongoing_litigation",
      "biometric_surveillance",
      "chilling_effect",
      "policing",
      "human_rights",
      "no_legal_basis"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-14T19:28:33.082782+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T15:46:29.971673+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-0458",
    "title": "Gaggle surveillance software flags deleted draft email, leading to student suspension, Marana Unified School District, Arizona, 2025",
    "short_title": "Gaggle flags a student's unsent draft email",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": "Arizona",
      "level": "regional"
    },
    "domain": "education",
    "system_type": "ml_classifier",
    "system_name": "Gaggle",
    "deployed_by": "Marana Unified School District",
    "year_start": 2025,
    "year_end": 2025,
    "harm_type": "individual",
    "subject_count_estimate": 1,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "litigation",
    "oversight_date": "2025-11-26",
    "remedy_status": "ongoing",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "Gaggle surveillance software, deployed by Marana Unified School District in Arizona, flagged a never-sent draft email joke written by a student at home on a school-issued Chromebook. The student was suspended despite being off campus and outside school hours. EFF filed an amicus brief arguing the school violated First Amendment and due process rights.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "EFF to Arizona Federal Court: Protect Public School Students from Surveillance and Punishment for Off-Campus Speech",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/11/eff-arizona-federal-court-protect-public-school-students-surveillance-and",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-15",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Kids Are Back in Classrooms and Laptops Are Still Spying on Them | WIRED",
        "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/student-monitoring-software-privacy-in-schools/",
        "publisher": "WIRED",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Students have been called to the office — and even arrested — for AI surveillance false alarms",
        "url": "https://apnews.com/article/ai-school-surveillance-gaggle-goguardian-bark-8c531cde8f9aee0b1ef06cfce109724a",
        "publisher": "AP News",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "student_surveillance",
      "first_amendment",
      "off_campus_speech",
      "school_monitoring",
      "digital_privacy",
      "ongoing_litigation",
      "automated_flagging"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-15T17:03:32.403793+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-04-18T10:46:14.877322+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-0524",
    "title": "Flock Safety ALPR abortion investigation, Johnson County Sheriff's Office, Texas, 2024–2025",
    "short_title": "Licence-plate network searched to track a woman after an abortion",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": "Texas",
      "level": "regional"
    },
    "domain": "policing",
    "system_type": "other",
    "system_name": "Flock Safety ALPR (Automated License Plate Reader) network",
    "deployed_by": "Johnson County Sheriff's Office, Texas, using Flock Safety infrastructure",
    "year_start": 2024,
    "year_end": 2025,
    "harm_type": "individual",
    "subject_count_estimate": 1,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "journalism",
    "oversight_date": "2025-10",
    "remedy_status": "none",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "Johnson County Sheriff's Office in Texas queried Flock Safety's nationwide ALPR network of over 83,000 cameras to locate a woman who had self-managed an abortion, logging the reason as 'had an abortion.' Authorities framed it as a death investigation of a non-viable fetus. No charges were filed, but EFF-obtained documents contradict official denials that the search was unrelated to abortion enforcement.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Flock Safety and Texas Sheriff Claimed License Plate Search Was for a Missing Person. It Was an Abortion Investigation.",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/10/flock-safety-and-texas-sheriff-claimed-license-plate-search-was-missing-person-it",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-15",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Washington State Attorney General — shield-law guidance for reproductive and gender-affirming care",
        "url": "https://www.atg.wa.gov/reproductive-and-gender-affirming-care-shielding-providers-seekers-and-helpers-out-state-legal",
        "publisher": "Washington State Attorney General",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Illinois Secretary of State — news release, 12 June 2025",
        "url": "https://www.ilsos.gov/content/dam/news/2025/june/250612d1.pdf",
        "publisher": "Illinois Secretary of State",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "California State Assembly Privacy Committee — analysis of SB 274 (2025)",
        "url": "https://apcp.assembly.ca.gov/system/files/2025-07/sb-274-cervantes-apcp-analysis.pdf",
        "publisher": "California State Assembly — Privacy Committee",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Letter from Reps. Garcia and Krishnamoorthi to Flock Safety on licence-plate tracking (6 August 2025)",
        "url": "https://krishnamoorthi.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/krishnamoorthi.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/2025-08-06.garcia-krishnamoorthi-to-flock-re-lpr-tech-and-tracking.pdf",
        "publisher": "U.S. House of Representatives (Rep. Krishnamoorthi)",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Sen. Wyden — licence-plate surveillance company agrees to protect Oregonians' data from immigration and abortion-related abuses",
        "url": "https://www.wyden.senate.gov/news/press-releases/wyden-announces-agreement-by-license-plate-surveillance-tech-company-to-protect-oregonians-data-from-immigration-and-abortion-related-abuses",
        "publisher": "U.S. Senate (Sen. Wyden)",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "A Texas Cop Searched License Plate Cameras Nationwide for a Woman Who Got an Abortion",
        "url": "https://www.404media.co/a-texas-cop-searched-license-plate-cameras-nationwide-for-a-woman-who-got-an-abortion/",
        "publisher": "404 Media",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "license_plate_reader",
      "abortion_surveillance",
      "reproductive_rights",
      "cross_state_data_sharing",
      "law_enforcement_misuse",
      "surveillance_chilling_effect",
      "flock_safety",
      "death_investigation_framing"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-15T17:03:47.365946+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-04-18T10:54:11.551330+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-0570",
    "title": "Abortion content moderation censorship, Meta (Facebook/Instagram/Threads), United States, 2025",
    "short_title": "Meta's automated moderation removes lawful abortion information",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": null,
      "level": "national"
    },
    "domain": "content_moderation",
    "system_type": "ml_classifier",
    "system_name": "Meta content moderation system",
    "deployed_by": "Meta (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)",
    "year_start": 2025,
    "year_end": null,
    "harm_type": "mixed",
    "subject_count_estimate": 100,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "ngo_report",
    "oversight_date": "2025-09-15",
    "remedy_status": "ongoing",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "Meta's automated content moderation repeatedly removed abortion-related posts that did not break its own rules, including factual information about medication abortion. EFF's Stop Censoring Abortion campaign documented nearly 100 such removals in 2025, and accounts of clinics and researchers were suspended, with appeals often unanswered.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Our Stop Censoring Abortion Campaign Uncovers a Social Media Censorship Crisis",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/09/our-stop-censoring-abortion-campaign-uncovers-social-media-censorship-crisis",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-15",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Abortion advocates raise alarm about social platforms removing posts in apparent overreach | AP News",
        "url": "https://apnews.com/article/social-media-abortion-censorship-eff-a71965f86b40912db10fad6d26bcdd95",
        "publisher": "AP News",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "When Knowing Someone at Meta Is the Only Way to Break Out of “Content Jail”",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/09/when-knowing-someone-meta-only-way-break-out-content-jail",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Meta’s censoring of abortion information is nothing new | The Verge",
        "url": "https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/24/24350967/metas-instagram-facebook-abortion-access-information-blocking-banning",
        "publisher": "The Verge",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The New York Times — Abortion groups tech platforms (2024-06-11)",
        "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/11/business/abortion-groups-tech-platforms.html",
        "publisher": "The New York Times",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The New York Times — Instagram facebook abortion pill providers (2025-01-23)",
        "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/23/technology/instagram-facebook-abortion-pill-providers.html",
        "publisher": "The New York Times",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Defending Access to Abortion Information Online: 2025 in Review",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/12/defending-access-abortion-information-online-2025-review",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Platforms Have Failed Us on Abortion Content. Here's How They Can Fix It.",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/09/our-call-platforms-do-better-moderating-abortion-related-speech",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Stop Censoring Abortion: The Fight for Reproductive Rights in the Digital Age",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/02/stop-censoring-abortion-fight-reproductive-rights-digital-age",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "#StopCensoringAbortion: What We Learned and Where We Go From Here",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/10/stopcensoringabortion-what-we-learned-and-where-we-go-here",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The Abortion Hotline Meta Wants to Go Dark",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/09/silencing-abortion-providers-meta",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Meta is Removing Abortion Advocates' Accounts Without Warning",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/09/meta-removing-abortion-advocates-accounts-without-warning",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "content_moderation",
      "abortion_censorship",
      "automated_takedown",
      "reproductive_rights",
      "platform_policy_enforcement",
      "meta_facebook",
      "overremoval",
      "health_information",
      "free_speech"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-15T17:03:57.455911+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T15:46:29.971673+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-0769",
    "title": "\"Catch and Revoke\" AI social media surveillance program targeting international student visa holders, United States, 2025",
    "short_title": "AI-assisted social-media screening used to revoke student visas",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": null,
      "level": "national"
    },
    "domain": "immigration",
    "system_type": "other",
    "system_name": "Catch and Revoke",
    "deployed_by": "U.S. Department of State, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Justice (Trump Administration)",
    "year_start": 2025,
    "year_end": null,
    "harm_type": "mixed",
    "subject_count_estimate": 1600,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "journalism",
    "oversight_date": "2025-04-25",
    "remedy_status": "none",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "In 2025 US federal agencies used AI-assisted tools to screen the public social-media accounts of international students under a programme known as 'Catch and Revoke'. More than 1,600 student visas were revoked. Civil-society organisations, including EFF, argued that revocations targeted political speech and raised free-speech and due-process concerns.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Trump Administration’s Targeting of International Students Jeopardizes Free Speech and Privacy Online",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/04/trump-administrations-targeting-international-students-jeopardizes-free-speech-and",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-15",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "DHS to Begin Screening Aliens’ Social Media Activity for Antisemitism | USCIS",
        "url": "https://www.uscis.gov/newsroom/news-releases/dhs-to-begin-screening-aliens-social-media-activity-for-antisemitism",
        "publisher": "USCIS",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The AI Tools CBP Is Using to Scan Social Media",
        "url": "https://www.404media.co/the-ai-tools-cbp-is-using-to-scan-social-media/",
        "publisher": "404 Media",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "US to revoke student visas over ‘pro-Hamas’ social media posts flagged by AI – report | US news | The Guardian",
        "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/mar/06/foreign-student-visas-pro-palestinian-ai",
        "publisher": "the Guardian",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The New York Times — Columbia University and the Trump administration protests (2025-03-12)",
        "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/12/nyregion/columbia-university-trump-protests.html",
        "publisher": "The New York Times",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The New York Times — Student visas and social media (2025-04-01)",
        "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/01/us/politics/student-visas-social-media.html",
        "publisher": "The New York Times",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Reuters — Trump administration orders Gaza-linked social-media vetting of visa applicants (2025-04-17)",
        "url": "https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-administration-orders-gaza-linked-social-media-vetting-visa-applicants-2025-04-17/",
        "publisher": "Reuters",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "US immigration officials look to expand social media data collection | AP News",
        "url": "https://apnews.com/article/social-media-immigration-applicants-handles-dhs-f67b480abebff7e451056be17572593d",
        "publisher": "AP News",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "You Shouldn’t Have to Make Your Social Media Public to Get a Visa",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/07/you-shouldnt-have-make-your-social-media-public-get-visa",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "No One Should Be Forced to Conform to the Views of the State",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/10/no-one-should-be-forced-conform-views-state",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "immigration_enforcement",
      "social_media_surveillance",
      "first_amendment",
      "visa_revocation",
      "ai_surveillance",
      "chilling_effect",
      "political_speech",
      "cross_agency_program",
      "student_visa",
      "ongoing_litigation"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-15T17:04:36.438544+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-04-18T11:06:45.814679+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-0943",
    "title": "Police face recognition wrongful arrests, multiple US jurisdictions, 2020–2025",
    "short_title": "Face recognition searches lead to wrongful arrests",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": "St. Louis, Missouri; Miami, Florida; Detroit, Michigan",
      "level": "municipal"
    },
    "domain": "policing",
    "system_type": "face_recognition",
    "system_name": "Police face recognition searches (multiple vendors)",
    "deployed_by": "St. Louis Police Department; Miami Police Department; Detroit Police Department",
    "year_start": 2020,
    "year_end": 2025,
    "harm_type": "mixed",
    "subject_count_estimate": 8,
    "subject_identification": "named_public_advocate",
    "oversight_trigger": "journalism",
    "oversight_date": "2025-01-15",
    "remedy_status": "partial",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "Police in several US cities arrested people identified by face recognition searches without adequate follow-up investigation. At least eight people, most of them Black, were wrongly arrested. A 2025 Washington Post investigation found that officers often bypassed departmental rules on how face recognition results may be used. Detroit adopted new rules after a lawsuit.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Police Use of Face Recognition Continues to Wrack Up Real-World Harms",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/01/police-use-face-recognition-continues-wrack-real-world-harms",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-15",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The Washington Post — Police use of AI facial recognition (2025 investigation)",
        "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2025/police-artificial-intelligence-facial-recognition/?itid=hp-top-table-main_p001_f002",
        "publisher": "The Washington Post",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-18",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The Washington Post — Facial recognition false arrest lawsuit (2021-04-13)",
        "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/13/facial-recognition-false-arrest-lawsuit",
        "publisher": "The Washington Post",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-18",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The New York Times — Facial recognition false arrests (2023-03-31)",
        "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/31/technology/facial-recognition-false-arrests.html",
        "publisher": "The New York Times",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-18",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Face Recognition Software Led to His Arrest. It Was Dead Wrong | WIRED",
        "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/face-recognition-software-led-to-his-arrest-it-was-dead-wrong/",
        "publisher": "WIRED",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-18",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The New York Times — Facial recognition arrest (2020-06-24)",
        "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/technology/facial-recognition-arrest.html",
        "publisher": "The New York Times",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-18",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The New York Times — Facial recognition false arrest (2023-08-06)",
        "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/06/technology/facial-recognition-false-arrest.html",
        "publisher": "The New York Times",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-18",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "facial_recognition_misid",
      "wrongful_arrest",
      "racial_bias",
      "ongoing_litigation",
      "street_level_surveillance",
      "civil_liberties",
      "us_policing"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-15T17:05:09.398114+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T15:46:29.971673+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-1029",
    "title": "Offender Assessment System (OASys) re-offending risk scoring, Ministry of Justice, England and Wales, 2001–present",
    "short_title": "OASys risk scores inform bail, sentencing and parole",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "region": "England and Wales",
      "level": "national"
    },
    "domain": "criminal_justice",
    "system_type": "rule_based_risk_scoring",
    "system_name": "Offender Assessment System (OASys)",
    "deployed_by": "UK Ministry of Justice / His Majesty's Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS)",
    "year_start": 2001,
    "year_end": null,
    "harm_type": "mixed",
    "subject_count_estimate": null,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "parliamentary_inquiry",
    "oversight_date": "2025",
    "remedy_status": "partial",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "The UK Ministry of Justice has used OASys, an algorithmic risk-assessment system, to score prisoners and people on probation for re-offending risk since 2001, completing over 1,300 assessments a day. The scores inform bail, sentencing and parole decisions. Academics, prisoners and a House of Lords committee have raised concerns over racial bias, inaccurate data and the inability to challenge errors.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "UK: Over 1,300 people profiled daily by Ministry of Justice AI system to ‘predict’ re-offending risk",
        "url": "https://www.statewatch.org/news/2025/april/uk-over-1-300-people-profiled-daily-by-ministry-of-justice-ai-system-to-predict-re-offending-risk/",
        "publisher": "Statewatch",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-15",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Ministry of Justice — A compendium of research and analysis on the Offender Assessment System (OASys)",
        "url": "https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7f676fed915d74e33f6380/research-analysis-offender-assessment-system.pdf",
        "publisher": "UK Government (GOV.UK)",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Independent Sentencing Review 2024 to 2025: Call for Evidence  - GOV.UK",
        "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/calls-for-evidence/independent-sentencing-review-2024-to-2025/independent-sentencing-review-2024-to-2025-call-for-evidence",
        "publisher": "GOV.UK",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-16",
        "is_primary": true
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "criminal_justice",
      "risk_scoring",
      "racial_bias",
      "prison_profiling",
      "data_inaccuracy",
      "algorithmic_decision",
      "uk",
      "reoffending_prediction"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-15T17:41:23.375093+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T15:46:29.971673+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-1976",
    "title": "Face recognition misidentification leads to wrongful arrest of Robert Williams, Detroit Police Department, Michigan, 2020–2024",
    "short_title": "Face recognition match leads to Robert Williams's wrongful arrest",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": "Detroit, Michigan",
      "level": "municipal"
    },
    "domain": "policing",
    "system_type": "face_recognition",
    "system_name": "DataWorks Plus face recognition via Michigan State Police SNAP database",
    "deployed_by": "Detroit Police Department",
    "year_start": 2020,
    "year_end": 2024,
    "harm_type": "individual",
    "subject_count_estimate": 1,
    "subject_identification": "named_public_advocate",
    "oversight_trigger": "litigation",
    "oversight_date": "2024-06-28",
    "remedy_status": "partial",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "Detroit police ran a blurry surveillance still from a watch-store shoplifting through DataWorks Plus face recognition, which matched Robert Williams; he was arrested at home in January 2020 despite being out of state on the day of the theft. His 2021 federal lawsuit settled in June 2024, barring arrests based solely on face recognition results.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Detroit Takes Important Step in Curbing the Harms of Face Recognition Technology",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/07/detroit-takes-important-step-curbing-harms-face-recognition-technology",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-21",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Williams v. City of Detroit (face recognition false arrest)",
        "url": "https://www.aclu.org/cases/williams-v-city-of-detroit-face-recognition-false-arrest",
        "publisher": "ACLU",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Civil Rights Advocates Achieve the Nation's Strongest Police Department Policy on Facial Recognition Technology",
        "url": "https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/civil-rights-advocates-achieve-the-nations-strongest-police-department-policy-on-facial-recognition-technology",
        "publisher": "ACLU",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "facial_recognition_misid",
      "wrongful_arrest",
      "racial_disparity",
      "settlement",
      "policy_change",
      "police_face_recognition"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-21T11:42:05.050407+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T16:06:44.084191+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-2168",
    "title": "Facial recognition shoplifting watch-list falsely flagged customers, Rite Aid, United States, 2012–2020",
    "short_title": "Rite Aid face recognition falsely flags customers",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": null,
      "level": "national"
    },
    "domain": "other",
    "system_type": "face_recognition",
    "system_name": "Rite Aid facial recognition system",
    "deployed_by": "Rite Aid Corporation",
    "year_start": 2012,
    "year_end": 2020,
    "harm_type": "mixed",
    "subject_count_estimate": null,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "regulatory_enforcement",
    "oversight_date": "2023-12-19",
    "remedy_status": "partial",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "Rite Aid used facial recognition in hundreds of US stores, matching shoppers against a database of tens of thousands of often low-quality images of 'persons of interest'. False matches led staff to follow, search, expel or accuse customers, including an 11-year-old girl. Stores using the system were disproportionately in non-White areas. The FTC's proposed order banned Rite Aid from facial recognition surveillance for five years.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "FTC’s Rite Aid Ruling Rightly Renews Scrutiny of Face Recognition",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2023/12/ftcs-rite-aid-ruling-rightly-renews-scrutiny-face-recognition",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-21",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Rite Aid Banned from Using AI Facial Recognition After FTC Says Retailer Deployed Technology without Reasonable Safeguards",
        "url": "https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2023/12/rite-aid-banned-using-ai-facial-recognition-after-ftc-says-retailer-deployed-technology-without",
        "publisher": "U.S. Federal Trade Commission",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Rite Aid Corporation, FTC v. (case proceedings, complaint and order)",
        "url": "https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/2023190-rite-aid-corporation-ftc-v",
        "publisher": "U.S. Federal Trade Commission",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Coming face to face with Rite Aid's allegedly unfair use of facial recognition technology",
        "url": "https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2023/12/coming-face-face-rite-aids-allegedly-unfair-use-facial-recognition-technology",
        "publisher": "U.S. Federal Trade Commission (Business Blog)",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": true
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "facial_recognition_misid",
      "retail_surveillance",
      "ftc_enforcement",
      "racial_disparity",
      "false_positive",
      "biometric_data"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-21T11:43:12.136714+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T16:06:44.084191+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-2579",
    "title": "Automated CSAM image scanning falsely flagged parents' medical photos of their children, Google, San Francisco and Houston, United States, 2021–2022",
    "short_title": "Google's image scanning reports parents for medical photos",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": "California; Texas",
      "level": "national"
    },
    "domain": "content_moderation",
    "system_type": "ml_classifier",
    "system_name": "Google automated child-abuse imagery detection",
    "deployed_by": "Google",
    "year_start": 2021,
    "year_end": 2022,
    "harm_type": "individual",
    "subject_count_estimate": 2,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "journalism",
    "oversight_date": "2022-08-21",
    "remedy_status": "none",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "In February 2021 Google's automated scanning flagged photos two fathers in San Francisco and Houston had taken of their young children's genital infections at medical professionals' request. Google reported both to authorities and disabled their accounts. Police in both cities cleared the fathers, but Google refused to restore one father's accounts or data even after police found no crime. The New York Times reported the cases.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Google’s Scans of Private Photos Led to False Accusations of Child Abuse",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/08/googles-scans-private-photos-led-false-accusations-child-abuse",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-21",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "A Dad Took Photos of His Naked Toddler for the Doctor. Google Flagged Him as a Criminal. (AIID report 1940, Incident 303)",
        "url": "https://incidentdatabase.ai/reports/1940",
        "publisher": "AI Incident Database (indexing The New York Times)",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "csam_scanning",
      "false_positive",
      "account_termination",
      "content_moderation",
      "police_referral",
      "no_appeal"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-21T11:45:22.098646+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T16:06:44.084191+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-3573",
    "title": "ShotSpotter gunshot alerts used to justify investigatory stops and frisks, Chicago Police Department, Chicago, 2018–2021",
    "short_title": "ShotSpotter alerts used to justify stops and frisks",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": "Chicago, Illinois",
      "level": "municipal"
    },
    "domain": "policing",
    "system_type": "ml_classifier",
    "system_name": "ShotSpotter",
    "deployed_by": "Chicago Police Department",
    "year_start": 2018,
    "year_end": 2021,
    "harm_type": "collective",
    "subject_count_estimate": null,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "internal_audit",
    "oversight_date": "2021-08-24",
    "remedy_status": "partial",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "Chicago's Office of Inspector General analysed more than 50,000 ShotSpotter alert and dispatch records from the Chicago Police Department. It found that 9% of alerts with a reported disposition indicated a gun-related offence, and that officers cited aggregate ShotSpotter alert frequency in an area as partial grounds for investigatory stops and pat-down frisks of civilians.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Chicago Inspector General: Using ShotSpotter Does Not Justify Crime Fighting Utility",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2021/08/chicago-inspector-general-police-use-shotspotter-justify-illegal-stop-and-frisks",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-23",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "OIG Finds That ShotSpotter Alerts Rarely Lead to Evidence of a Gun-Related Crime and That Presence of the Technology Changes Police Behavior",
        "url": "https://igchicago.org/2021/08/24/oig-finds-that-shotspotter-alerts-rarely-lead-to-evidence-of-a-gun-related-crime-and-that-presence-of-the-technology-changes-police-behavior/",
        "publisher": "City of Chicago Office of Inspector General",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "The Chicago Police Department's Use of ShotSpotter Technology",
        "url": "https://igchicago.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Chicago-Police-Departments-Use-of-ShotSpotter-Technology.pdf",
        "publisher": "City of Chicago Office of Inspector General",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": true
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "gunshot_detection",
      "stop_and_frisk",
      "racial_disparity",
      "inspector_general_report",
      "acoustic_surveillance"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-23T06:48:38.255730+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T16:06:44.084191+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-3703",
    "title": "Rikunabi job-offer-decline prediction scores sold to employers without consent, Recruit Career, Japan, 2018–2019",
    "short_title": "Rikunabi sells predictions of which students will decline job offers",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "Japan",
      "region": null,
      "level": "national"
    },
    "domain": "hiring",
    "system_type": "ml_classifier",
    "system_name": "Rikunabi DMP Follow",
    "deployed_by": "Recruit Career Co., Ltd. (with Recruit Communications)",
    "year_start": 2018,
    "year_end": 2019,
    "harm_type": "collective",
    "subject_count_estimate": 7983,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "regulatory_enforcement",
    "oversight_date": "2019-08-26",
    "remedy_status": "partial",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "Between March 2018 and February 2019, Recruit Career used Rikunabi job-site browsing data and a machine-learning model to score how likely individual student applicants were to decline job offers, selling the scores to 35 client companies. Japan's Personal Information Protection Commission found personal data was provided without consent, issued recommendations, and the service was discontinued in 2019.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Japan’s Rikunabi Scandal Shows The Dangers of Privacy Law Loopholes",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2021/05/japans-rikunabi-scandal-shows-dangers-privacy-law-loopholes",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-23",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "個人情報の保護に関する法律第42条第1項の規定に基づく勧告等について (Recommendation under APPI Art. 42(1) to Recruit Career)",
        "url": "https://www.ppc.go.jp/files/pdf/190826_houdou.pdf",
        "publisher": "Personal Information Protection Commission, Japan",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "個人情報の保護に関する法律に基づく行政上の対応について (Administrative action against Recruit, Recruit Career and 35 client companies)",
        "url": "https://www.ppc.go.jp/files/pdf/191204_houdou.pdf",
        "publisher": "Personal Information Protection Commission, Japan",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": true
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "hiring_bias",
      "profiling_without_consent",
      "data_protection_violation",
      "behavioural_scoring",
      "regulator_finding",
      "japan_appi"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-23T06:49:14.205086+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T16:06:44.084191+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-3764",
    "title": "Intelligence-Led Policing youth risk-scoring and repeated home checks, Pasco County Sheriff's Office, Florida, United States, 2015–2024",
    "short_title": "Pasco Sheriff's scoring targets young people for repeated home visits",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": "Florida (Pasco County)",
      "level": "municipal"
    },
    "domain": "policing",
    "system_type": "rule_based_risk_scoring",
    "system_name": "Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) / prolific offender list",
    "deployed_by": "Pasco County Sheriff's Office",
    "year_start": 2015,
    "year_end": 2024,
    "harm_type": "collective",
    "subject_count_estimate": null,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "journalism",
    "oversight_date": "2020-09",
    "remedy_status": "partial",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "The Pasco County Sheriff's Office used a point-based rubric drawing on school grades, absences, minor infractions and victimisation records to label young people as likely future offenders. Deputies made more than 12,500 preemptive visits from 2015, which led to unrelated fines and arrests of family members. After 2020 journalism, a federal lawsuit ended in a 2024 settlement in which the Sheriff admitted constitutional violations.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Pasco County’s Sheriff Must End Its Targeted Child Harassment Program",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2021/03/pasco-countys-sheriff-must-end-its-targeted-child-harassment-program",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-23",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Order on cross-motions for summary judgment, Taylor et al. v. Nocco, No. 8:21-cv-555 (M.D. Fla., 28 Aug 2024)",
        "url": "https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Pasco-MSJ-Order.pdf",
        "publisher": "U.S. District Court, Middle District of Florida (hosted by Institute for Justice)",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": true
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Case Closed: Pasco Sheriff Admits 'Predictive Policing' Program Violated Constitution",
        "url": "https://ij.org/press-release/case-closed-pasco-sheriff-admits-predictive-policing-program-violated-constitution/",
        "publisher": "Institute for Justice",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "predictive_policing",
      "youth_profiling",
      "school_data_sharing",
      "court_settlement",
      "constitutional_violation",
      "rule_based_scoring"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-23T06:49:32.223875+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T16:06:44.084191+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "R-4572",
    "title": "YouTube machine-learning extremist-content flagging terminated Syrian human-rights documentation channels, 2017–2019",
    "short_title": "YouTube's automated flagging removes Syrian human-rights evidence",
    "jurisdiction": {
      "country": "United States",
      "region": null,
      "level": "national"
    },
    "domain": "content_moderation",
    "system_type": "ml_classifier",
    "system_name": "YouTube machine-learning automated flagging for violent extremism",
    "deployed_by": "YouTube (Google)",
    "year_start": 2017,
    "year_end": 2019,
    "harm_type": "collective",
    "subject_count_estimate": null,
    "subject_identification": "anonymous_collective",
    "oversight_trigger": "ngo_report",
    "oversight_date": "2019-06-03",
    "remedy_status": "partial",
    "documentation_status": "verified",
    "summary_50w": "YouTube used machine-learning automated flagging to remove extremist content and terminated thousands of Syrian channels that published videos of human rights violations, removing material usable as a public record of the conflict. A June 2019 report by EFF, Syrian Archive and WITNESS documented these removals alongside other over-broad takedowns of activism, satire and counter-speech.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Caught in the Net: The Impact of ‘Extremist’ Speech Regulations on Human Rights Content",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/press/releases/caught-net-impact-extremist-speech-regulations-human-rights-content",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-04-23",
        "is_primary": false,
        "notes": "Originating report"
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Caught in the Net: The Impact of 'Extremist' Speech Regulations on Human Rights Content (report)",
        "url": "https://www.eff.org/wp/caught-net-impact-extremist-speech-regulations-human-rights-content",
        "publisher": "Electronic Frontier Foundation, Syrian Archive, WITNESS",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      },
      {
        "type": "other",
        "title": "Vital Human Rights Evidence in Syria is Disappearing from YouTube (WITNESS, Aug 2017, republished)",
        "url": "https://voxpol.eu/vital-human-rights-evidence-syria-disappearing-youtube/",
        "publisher": "WITNESS / VOX-Pol",
        "date": null,
        "access_date": "2026-10-10",
        "is_primary": false
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "content_moderation",
      "automated_takedown",
      "human_rights_evidence",
      "syria",
      "platform_governance",
      "freedom_of_expression"
    ],
    "extraction_metadata": {
      "first_collected": "2026-04-23T06:53:47.376008+00:00",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-10T16:06:44.084191+00:00",
      "verified_by": "human_review"
    }
  }
]