Sourcing policy
Status: working version, October 2026. Licence: CC-BY 4.0.
What counts as a source
Only publicly accessible documents are used: court rulings and filings, regulators' decisions, parliamentary and official inquiries, statutes and government documents, peer-reviewed research, reports by established civil-society organisations, and journalism. Nothing is taken from leaked or breached data, from closed or login-only platforms, or from private social-media content.
Source tiers
Every source is assigned a tier by its publisher's domain:
- Primary — courts, regulators and data-protection authorities, legislatures, EU and international institutions, government publications.
- Secondary — established NGOs, academic repositories, universities, academic publishers and conferences, incident databases.
- Tertiary — journalism, including investigative outlets.
Tiers describe the kind of publisher, not the truth of a particular claim. An investigative report can be more accurate than an official statement; the claims matrix of each case-file records which sources support which claim.
Thresholds
- Case-files (S-NNN): at least three primary and three secondary sources; every critical claim supported by at least two independent sources or marked as single-sourced or contested.
- Registry records (R-NNNN): a record is ready for human verification when it has at least one primary source, or at least two secondary and one tertiary source. The originating report is always cited. A person checks the sources before publication and removes any that are off-topic.
Personal data
The following is never collected or published: photographs of people, home addresses and contact details, medical diagnoses tied to identifiable people, financial account data, identity-document data, social-media content, and anything that identifies a child. Where a source itself identifies a child (for example a court docket caption), the source is not cited publicly.
Archiving
Where retrieval allows, sources for case-files are archived (Internet Archive Wayback Machine) so that the record survives changes to the original page.
Domain lists
The tier lists used by the collection pipeline:
Primary
- Courts: bailii.org, bundesgerichtshof.de, bverfg.de, cortecostituzionale.it, courtlistener.com, curia.europa.eu, hudoc.echr.coe.int, legifrance.gouv.fr, public.resource.org, rechtspraak.nl, supremecourt.gov, tribunalconstitucional.es, uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl, uscourts.gov
- Data-protection authorities: aepd.es, autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl, bfdi.bund.de, cnil.fr, datainspektionen.se, dataprotection.ie, datatilsynet.dk, datatilsynet.no, edpb.europa.eu, garanteprivacy.it, ico.org.uk, imy.se, ldi.nrw.de
- US regulators: cfpb.gov, cftc.gov, ed.gov, eeoc.gov, fcc.gov, ftc.gov, hhs.gov, nhtsa.gov, sec.gov
- Other regulators: acm.nl, autorite-concurrence.fr, bundeskartellamt.de, ofcom.org.uk
- EU institutions: consilium.europa.eu, ec.europa.eu, eca.europa.eu, enisa.europa.eu, europa.eu, europarl.europa.eu, fra.europa.eu, ombudsman.europa.eu
- International organisations: coe.int, icj-cij.org, oecd.org, ohchr.org, un.org, wto.org
- Government: gov.uk, other official government domains
Secondary
- NGO reports: accessnow.org, aclu.org, ainowinstitute.org, algorithmwatch.org, amnesty.org, amnestyusa.org, article19.org, bigbrotherwatch.org.uk, bitsoffreedom.nl, datasociety.net, edri.org, eff.org, fairtrials.org, hrw.org, liberty-human-rights.org.uk, privacyinternational.org, statewatch.org
- Academic repositories: arxiv.org, doi.org, hal.science, osf.io, papers.nips.cc, papers.ssrn.com, ssrn.com, zenodo.org
- Universities: berkeley.edu, cam.ac.uk, cmu.edu, columbia.edu, ethz.ch, gatech.edu, georgetown.edu, harvard.edu, kcl.ac.uk, kuleuven.be, lse.ac.uk, mcgill.ca, mit.edu, nyu.edu, ox.ac.uk, princeton.edu, sciencespo.fr, stanford.edu, tudelft.nl, umich.edu, upenn.edu, utoronto.ca, uva.nl, warwick.ac.uk, yale.edu
- Academic publishers: cambridge.org, link.springer.com, nature.com, oup.com, plos.org, pnas.org, science.org, sciencedirect.com, sciencemag.org, springer.com, tandfonline.com, wiley.com
- Conferences: aies-conference.com, chi2024.acm.org, facctconference.org, icml.cc, neurips.cc
- Incident databases: aiaaic.org, incidentdatabase.ai, oecd.ai
Tertiary
- Investigative journalism: bureauinvestigates.com, correctiv.org, ftm.nl, icij.org, ire.org, lighthousereports.com, propublica.org, revealnews.org, themarkup.org
- News (English): apnews.com, bbc.co.uk, bbc.com, bloomberg.com, economist.com, ft.com, newyorker.com, nytimes.com, reuters.com, theatlantic.com, theguardian.com, time.com, washingtonpost.com, wsj.com
- News (European): corriere.it, elmundo.es, elpais.com, faz.net, lefigaro.fr, lemonde.fr, liberation.fr, nrc.nl, repubblica.it, spiegel.de, sueddeutsche.de, telegraaf.nl, volkskrant.nl, zeit.de
- Technology news: 404media.co, arstechnica.com, restofworld.org, techcrunch.com, theverge.com, wired.com
- International news: aljazeera.com, reuters.com